Why didn't the Septuagint translate 'ahabah to eros?

Question

Song of Songs 2:7 in English (NPJS) reads:

I adjure you, O maidens of Jerusalem,
By gazelles or by hinds of the field:
Do not wake or rouse
Love until it please!

As the NET Bible points out, "Love" in this passage almost certainly was meant as a personification of the abstract concept of romantic or (more to the point) sexual desire. Like Hebrew, we only have one term that would work here: "Love".

The Septuagint frequently translates 'ahabah <0160> to agape <26>, as in this case. But wouldn't a better word in Greek be eros for this particular verse? Sure, in other passages where sex isn't meant (or strongly implied) it would make sense to avoid introducing an "erotic" connotation, but here Love is practically a character in the poem. Why not use a Greek word that means the sort of sexual love that is clearly present in the original Hebrew?

Answer 1

Different ancient translators had different translation philosophies. Some were very rigid and always used Greek word X for Hebrew word Y. Others were more dynamic. We can actually use these philosophies to determine when different translators are responsible for different books. For example, the Greek of Numbers is very literal (except the name of the book. The Hebrew is Bmidbar -In the Wilderness -, but the Greek is Arithmoi, which is where we get the name Numbers). The LXX of Numbers is Greek vocabulary with Hebrew syntax. This also works very nicely for text criticism. When that pattern holds, we can be more certain that the Hebrew source was the same as in the BHS today. When the pattern breaks, either there was a different Hebrew vorlage or the LXX Numbers was miscopied at some point.

IIRC, Exodus is not that way. Exodus has less one-to-one and more what-word-best-translates-this-Hebrew-word-in-this-context attitude. Genesis in the LXX shows both attitudes. Gen 1-11 are very much in the word-for-word attitude, even so far as the waw conjunction always being translated with kai. Gen 12-50, however, uses both de and kai for the waw conjunction. Some books even achieve paraphrase status.

The question comes down to what is the translation philosophy of the Greek translators of Song of Songs? Was the translator one of those who always uses the same Greek word for this Hebrew word? Or was he more contextual? Or even was he reading it allegorically?

As I do a word search on 'ahab I see it is used 11 times in Song of Songs. In the Septuagint of Songs, 'agape also appears 11 times. There is a one-to-one correspondence. agape is the only word used in Song of Songs to translate 'ahab.

Though I can't be sure of the whole philosophy without a more extensive analysis of the LXX of Songs, it appears that with 'ahab at least, the translator had a one-to-one correspondence in mind.

Answer 2

I appreciate the question. I think it stems from some wrong presuppositions, though - namely, that sexual "love" is strictly within the domain of eros rather than agape. I agree that sexual love can be eros, but it is not the exclusive owner of it. In fact, all pure, other-centered love is agape. This applies just as much to the sexual arena as anything else.

Eros, on the other hand, is the enemy of agape and, in fact, has no hint of other-centeredness. This is why the LXX translates ahab as agape, I do believe, because they understood that the Song of Solomon describes an other-centered love - even within the context of sex - which eros has nothing to do with.

I would highly recommend reading the book Agape and Eros by Carsten Johnsen, for a very good treatment of this important topic. Among other things he writes: "I am not saying one single disparaging word about the natural beauty in a woman’s body. It certainly is not Eros who has had anything to do with creating that. The Creator’s name is Jesus Christ, and He is Agape. It is not Eros who has made sex a pleasant experience, any more than he has made strawberries taste delicious. It is God, and God only, who has prepared all things that are good – really good. It is He who has invented feminine beauty (Agape and Eros, p. 40).

Answer 3

Look, according to Matthew 22:36-40, probably, there are three types of love (and many people forget or even don't know):

Master, which is the great commandment in the law? Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. (KJV)

This passage describes, Christ (who was jewish) saying about the biggest prayer jewish people have, the Shemah. The word heart seems to be associated with the idea of love, since לֶאֱהֹב is "to love" and "heart" is לֵב, so they are very similar.

So, as in jewish thinking, as said by Rabbi Jack Abramowitz, there are the following types of love for G'd:

• A servant might love his master because the master treats him kindly;

• A servant might love his master because the master overlooks his misdeeds and grants him forgiveness;

• A servant might love his master simply because of the master's own inherent greatness and not because of any favor that the servant expects to receive.

Observe the Deuteronmy 6:5:

וְאָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ אֵ֖ת יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ֥ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁךָ֖ וּבְכׇל־מְאֹדֶֽךָ׃

But I will focus on the third type above that contains the three forms of love, this is: love with heart, with soul and with mind (actually it's might מְאֹדֶךָ). Indeed, לִנְפֹּשׁ means "to relax", it's type of love that you fulfill by having "peace in the soul",it's similar to the word נַפְשְׁךָ֖.

Now, observe that ahavah (אהבה which comes from לֶאֱהֹב) is the word for "love", and is the form of love that's associated with the choice, so it's not properly associated with anything else, it's as if the heart is the mind, that's why we don't translate the last type of love as "love with all your mind" because it would be counted twice, we translate it as "might", for this is the process of "doing". The best word that fits instead of love in the above passage is אַוֶּ֖ה (Proverbs 21:10, Deuteronomy 12:20, Proverbs 23:6).