What did Job believe?

Question

Job 9:2 says:

In truth I know that this is so; But how can a man be in the right before God?

Is this a rhetorical question, or he is sincerely wondering how to be justified before God? Depending on who you ask, Job may have been pre-Abraham or post-Abraham, and likely occurred in the area of what is now Jordan and southern Israel. What were his religious beliefs as they pertained to salvation?

In Job 1:8, Job is clearly portrayed as a God-fearer:

The Lord said to Satan, “Have you considered My servant Job? For there is no one like him on the earth, a blameless and upright man, fearing God and turning away from evil.”

Additionally, the heading to chapter 9 says Job Says There Is No Arbitrator between God and Man, yet I cannot find anything in the passage that clearly supports this. As I noted above, we clearly see God referencing how he felt about Job, but how did Job feel about how he could speak to God?

Summarizing, How did Job believe he could communicate with God, and how did he believe one could be right with God? (please note I am treating Job as a historical figure, not as a parable).

Answer 1

OP poses three very different questions, a couple couched in different terms at various points.

1. What did Job believe?

Which appears in a variant form as:

How did he believe one could be right with God?

This latter wording is, of course, simply to restate Job's own question in Job 9:2b (as the NASB has it, "But how can a man be in the right before God?"). It, in turn, restates the question first posed by Eliphaz that came to him in a night-vision as reported in Job 4:17. This is the key issue which is the bone of contention between Job and his friends throughout the dialogues.

I take it that the "real" question for OP is, then, the one in the title, "What did Job believe?" (emphasis added).

I think the question misunderstands what Job is affirming in 9:2a -

In truth I know that this is so;
אָ֭מְנָם יָדַ֣עְתִּי כִי־כֵ֑ן
ʾomnām yādaʿtî kî kēn

Note the entry for the first word, ʾomnām, in Koehler, Baumgartner & Stamm (eds), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament:¹

אָמְנָם: I אמן;‎ אֹמֶן + ām (BL 529y): → אֻמְנָם: surely 2K 19₁₇ / Is 37₁₈ Jb 9₂, indeed 19₅, truly 36₄; אָ׳ כִּי indeed Ru 3₁₂, truly Jb 12₂; אָ׳ אַף ‎19₄ if I had indeed, 34₁₂ yea, surely.†

(The symbol † at the end of the entry indicates that all occurrences have been listed.) The point here is to see that the word means something like "Indeed...", or "In fact,...". It is an adverb in an asseverative clause (Joüon-Muraoka §164), affirming what follows. It is not a "confession" of faith or the like.

Rather, this is one of those moments of real dialogue: Job is affirming the main point that has just been made by Bildad in the previous chapter (Job 8), but challenging the helpfulness of this claim for his plight. This requires a brief glance at Bildad's speech, then.² The key points are these:

• God does not pervert justice (8:3)
• this holds true also in the case of Job's children (8:4 -- ouch! -- but cf. 1:5);
• the upright are delivered (8:6);
• verification for this cause-effect pattern is even seen in nature (8:8-19);
• if Job seeks divine mercy, he may yet be restored (8:5, 20-22).

Bildad's conclusion is stated most clearly in 8:20 -

[NASB] Lo, God will not reject a man of integrity,
Nor will He support the evildoers.
 
[ESV] Behold, God will not reject a blameless man,
nor take the hand of evildoers.

But this is precisely Job's predicament: so far as he is concerned, he is a blameless man (cf. 1:1!), and Bildad's affirmations give him no help in understanding his plight, nor his place before God.

Returning to 9:2, then, we could gloss it this way:

In truth I know that this is so;
= I agree with everything you've just said, Bildad
But how can a man be in the right before God?
= But this is no help because I'm obviously not "in the right" before God, although I am a "blameless" man.

2. How did Job believe he could communicate with God?

This is not really part of the complex of ideas around 9:2, but it's clear in the prologue and epilogue (and scattered in the dialogues) that Job maintains communion with God through sacrifice and prayer:

• 1:5 “Job would send and consecrate [his children], rising up early in the morning and offering burnt offerings according to the number of them all;...”
• 16:9 “His anger has torn me and hunted me down, ... 17 Although there is no violence in my hands, and my prayer is pure.”
• 42:8 [the LORD to Eliphaz] “...Now therefore, take for yourselves seven bulls and seven rams, and go to My servant Job, and offer up a burnt offering for yourselves, and My servant Job will pray for you. For I will accept him so that I may not do with you according to your folly, because you have not spoken of Me what is right, as My servant Job has.”

3. Where is the textual support for NASB's editorial heading to Job 9?

OP writes that "yet I cannot find anything in the passage that clearly supports" the heading provided in the NASB. The editors picked up their heading for this chapter from verses 32-33:

32 “For He is not a man as I am that I may answer Him,
That we may go to court together.
33 “There is no umpire between us,
Who may lay his hand upon us both.”

The key word here the one translated as "umpire" in v. 33, מוֹכִיחַ môkîaḥ, a Hifil participle from the verb ykḥ, "adjudicate, arbitrate", thus here an "arbitrator" or "mediator", for which the NASB has provided the rather more sporting "umpire".

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Notes

1. For comparison, see also the Brown-Driver-Briggs entry, at the very bottom of the right-hand column on p. 53 running on to the top of p. 54.
2. For more on the arguments of the friends, see David Clines, "The Arguments of Job’s Three Friends"; see p. 39 of the PDF for this Bildad speech.

Answer 2

In truth I know that this is so; But how can a man be in the right before God?

Is this a rhetorical question, or he is sincerely wondering how to be justified before God?

The question is rhetorical. Job knows that he is innocent of sin. Job is also painfully aware that God's harsh treatment of him suggests otherwise, leaving Job with no avenue to clear his tarnished reputation before other people ("how can a man be right before God?").

Job doesn't feel he needs to be justified before God. On the contrary, Job really wished to hear God trying to explain the reason for Job's suffering -- tho he is not holding his breath. In other words, "how can a man be in the right before God?" is a rhetorical question implying that "there is no arbitrator between God and a man".

Summarizing, How did Job believe he could communicate with God?

He didn't, and he was very upset about it.

and how did he believe one could be right with God?

Now that is a very interesting question. The book does not answer how, but it makes clear that God expected nothing less from a righteous person.

Socrates suggested the same when he claimed that a) "Knowledge is the only virtue", and b) "Once a man knows good from evil, nothing on earth can compel him to act against that knowledge"

Answer 3

When we examine the Hebrew and Greek texts of Job 40:8, the question of the difference between being "righteous" (titsedaq) and "just" (dikaios) in Semitic culture arises.

Job aspired to be "tsadyq" (in the Hebrew text), while the Septuagint translated it as "dikaios" in Greek, which means "just." However, why, in the first verse of the first chapter of the Septuagint, is Job already described as "just" (dikaios)? What was the reason that led the Septuagint's redactor to not interpret the Hebrew term "veyashar" as "right" in the first verse, and instead choose "just" (dikaios) in Greek?

What is the distinction between being "right" (veveyashar וְיָשָׁ֛ר) and "just" (ytsedaq) in Job 1:1?

In the Jewish concept, a "righteous" (tsadyq) person is someone who waits, possessing absolute certainty, not mere belief. It is someone who remains on the Eternal Way, through the logos (Greek) / dabar (Hebrew) of God, with Abraham being a notable example, as seen in Romans 4:13-25.

Was Job "righteous in his own eyes" throughout this process? Certainly, Job, being "veyashar" (right), was eager to become "tsadaq" (just) in order to quickly reverse his situation. Indeed, in 42:6, Job acknowledges his error: "... for I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes..."

After this, the LORD responded to Job in the whirlwind, saying: "Who is this that obscures my counsel without knowledge?" (Job 40:6).

In the Hebrew text, the term ישר (veyashar) from the first verse, translated as "right" or "straight," reappears in the eighth verse of the first chapter of Job. A complement to understanding the Hebrew text is the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. The term δικαιος (dikaios) from the first verse of the Septuagint, translated as "just," does not appear in the eighth verse, representing God's opinion of Job. Only in the first verse of the Septuagint is it mentioned that Job was "just" (δικαιος - dikaios). It becomes evident that the Greek translation extended beyond the Hebrew, and the Portuguese translations that used the term "just" followed this interpretation. Job was actually only "right" (veyashar), and through tribulation, he would become "just" (tsadaq) or δικαιος (dikaios) in Greek.

As we read Genesis 15:6, where it says "... and he believed in YHWH; and he counted it to him as righteousness...", we realize that one of the main characteristics of the righteous (tsadyq) in Semitic culture is their ability to wait due to the confidence they possess.

Normally, the word "veyashar" וְיָשָׁ֛ר is translated as "right," that is, without deviations, but it can also be translated as "direct." Thus, we can conclude that a "veyashar" is one who "walks in a straight line," a concrete concept. On the other hand, "tsadaq" is an abstract word, making its interpretation complex. One of the best ways to understand the original meaning of a word is to find it in a sentence where its concrete meaning is interpreted. Sometimes, these parallels are made by synonyms or antonyms, and in this sense, I mentioned Genesis 15:6, where the word "tsedaqah" is used. But what is "tsedaqah" exactly? Justice?

In Genesis 30:33, should we translate "tsedaqah" as justice? Yes, it is possible. The King James Version chose this translation, but it might not be the clearest. For example, the Difusora Capuccino translates it as "uprightness," and the Jerusalem Bible as "honesty," among other options.

The Hebrew term "rasha" רָשָׁע, whose verbal form means "to be unpleasant, guilty, condemned," is the original meaning of "to make noise, riot, to be bad, guilty religiously or civilly." Thus, to be "rasha" is to be bad before God, hostile, wicked, and its real meaning is to deviate from the path and be lost. From this context, we conclude that a "veyashar" (right) is not necessarily a "tsadaq" (just), but the opposite is always true in this context. A practical application of this concept is seen in the parable of the ten virgins, where all were virgins, that is, morally pure according to Jewish culture, but only five of them were prudent, an extension of "tsedaqah" justice.

We see this development throughout the book of Job, in passages like 4:17, 9:2, 9:15, 9:20, 10:15, 11:2, 12:4, 13:18, 15:14, 17:9, 22:3, 22:19, 25:4, 27:5, and 27:17.

Reaching the climax in 32:2, 33:12, 33:32, 34:5, 35:7, and 40:8,

Job repents in 42:6.

In 42:7, the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite: "My anger is kindled against you and against your two friends, for you have not spoken of me what is right, as my servant Job has." It is highly likely that Job's quotes and arguments about the Eternal in the book were correct, whereas those of Eliphaz the Temanite and his friends were not.

In 42:10, nothing is mentioned about "tsadyq" and "tsadaq"; however, we read that Job did not lose the ability to intercede even when in captivity.

In 42:11, we read: "... and they showed him sympathy and comforted him for all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him..." This is further explained in the following questions: 1a) "... and they showed him sympathy and comforted him..." How to interpret the contrast between Job's passive actions compared to the active actions in the parallel of the first chapter? "... and [Job] would offer burnt offerings according to the number of them all. For Job said, 'It may be that my children have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts.' Thus Job did continually..." Job 1:5. 1b) "... for all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him..." How to interpret the origin of evil in parallel with the first chapter? "...the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also came among them..." Job 2:10.

In 42:12, "And the Lord blessed the latter days of Job more than his beginning," thus, Job's initial state was also blessed.

2. Job displays priestly behavior by consecrating all his children, some of whom died later, as they were not included in the aforementioned "none like him on the earth" in Job 1:8.

There is a turning point according to the scholar Bruno Ribeiro, in these two blessed states. This paragraph begins with the theological debate between God and one of His sons, HaSatan, whose jurisdiction is not righteous.

3. In the first state: 3a) "In all this Job did not sin or charge God with wrong." 3b) "... and still he holds fast his integrity...", Job 2:3. 3c) HaSatan, the son of God, incites God against him, Job 2:3. 3d) Without cause, since righteousness is not a reason for condemnation, Job 2:3.

HaSatan, the son of God, holds significant jurisdiction. He has argumentative influence with God.

4. "And Satan (the accuser) went out from the presence of the LORD." Job 1:12.

4a) What does it mean to be in the presence of the LORD, or rather, who walks in the presence of God and until when? Cain, after the murder of his brother Abel, "went away from the presence of the LORD." Genesis 4:16.

5. All these actions happened and originated in a cult that protected both wicked and righteous men.

Answer 4

If Job is pre-Abrahamic then what we have here is possibly one of the 1st truly written cases of a Natural Theology. A Natural Theology addresses what might be known about God through looking at the natural world.

Job is exciting in this sense because the text merely talks of a great 'man of the East' so he might not even be Semitic. God reveals Himself in the wonderful final chapters using multiple examples from the natural world. The language might be very early and all the more useful in this instance for that.

It seems to me that, as some contributors have said above, the substance of whom it was that Job felt he was in relationship with, is essential in our understanding of the limits of a knowledge of God without the supreme gift of the Holy Spirit. 'Natural Theology' has - as you might expect - several often-interrelated definitions and perspectives but essentially it marries the Apostle Paul's encounters in Areopagus with his views on pre-Christian routes to God as seen in Romans 1.18-21 for example.

Answer 5

Deuteronomy 5:31

But as for you, stand here by Me, and I will speak to you all the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments which you shall teach them, that they may observe them in the land which I am giving them to possess.

Deuteronomy 8:11

Beware that you do not forget the LORD your God by not keeping His commandments, His judgments, and His statutes which I command you today

Deuteronomy 11:1

Therefore you shall love the LORD your God, and keep His charge, His statutes, His judgments, and His commandments always.

Deuteronomy 26:17

Today you have proclaimed the LORD to be your God, and that you will walk in His ways and keep His statutes, His commandments, and His judgments, and that you will obey His voice.

Deuteronomy 30:16

in that I command you today to love the LORD your God, to walk in His ways, and to keep His commandments, His statutes, and His judgments, that you may live and multiply; and the LORD your God will bless you in the land which you go to possess.

This is abundant evidence to support the claim that the Law given to Moses was tripartite in nature: commandments, judgments, statutes. I will mention here, but not elaborate because the question doesn't provide an opportunity, that it mirrors the tripartite nature of both God, and man.

In Genesis 26:4-5 God says to Isaac:

And I will make your descendants multiply as the stars of heaven; I will give to your descendants all these lands; and in your seed all the nations of the earth shall be blessed; because Abraham obeyed My voice and kept My charge, My commandments, My statutes, and My laws.

It's the same tripartite division of the Law. So, in whatever modified form Abraham received instruction from God about his conduct among the nations, it would have been consistent with the Law as it was given to Moses. I can also mention, here, because it might spark a question for future investigation, Hammurabi reigned around 1770 BC, which puts him post-Abraham. This is cause to suspect the Code that is attributed to him had its source in the same tripartite Law that was given to Abraham.

Now, compare Genesis 26:5 and Deuteronomy 11:1, where Abraham and Israel are not only given the Law (commandments, judgements and statutes), but also a charge.

Abraham's charge - Genesis 12:1

Now the LORD had said to Abram: "Get out of your country, from your family and from your father's house, to a land that I will show you.

Israel's charge - Deuteronomy 1:8

See, I have set the land before you; go in and possess the land which the LORD swore to your fathers—to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—to give to them and their descendants after them.

The Law is the mechanism by which the charge is achieved. The process of application of the law and reaping the fruit thereof, advertises the goodness of God to the nations of the land, i.e. glorifies Him.

Who else received a charge and the tripartite Law?

Adam and Eve's charge - Genesis 1:28

Then God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."

Based on a Genesis 4:7, I can safely contend that Adam and Eve received the law, because their son was familiar with it. God addresses Cain in this way:

If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.

This is the first time sin is mentioned in the Bible, and God uses this encounter to establish the framework in which sin arises - the Law (doing and not doing well), natural inclinations (desire), and the need for restraining those inclinations (ruling over them). God doesn't elaborate on what "doing well" meant for Cain, apart from a requirement related to "offerings", but we can be pretty certain that Cain knew all about the rules, and that they would have been consistent with what we have received through Moses.

Conclusion

There is good reason, here, to support the claim that all the sons of God - those who call upon the name of the LORD - are introduced to the same commandments, judgements and statutes as Abraham and Israel. So, whether Job was pre- or post- Abraham, he knew what "doing well" and "not doing well" meant in regard to his relationship with God.

Addendum

You ask:

Additionally, the heading to chapter 9 says Job Says There Is No Arbitrator between God and Man, yet I cannot find anything in the passage that clearly supports this. As I noted above, we clearly see God referencing how he felt about Job, but how did Job feel about how he could speak to God?

I think the absence of detail about Job -> God communication is a significant sub-issue of the story.

Job was a diligent practitioner of his religion and the blessings that came to him are obvious and many, but one gets the distinct feeling that his relationship is somewhat ritualistic. Job 1:5 records:

So it was, when the days of feasting had run their course, that Job would send and sanctify them, and he would rise early in the morning and offer burnt offerings according to the number of them all. For Job said, "It may be that my sons have sinned and cursed God in their hearts." Thus Job did regularly.

Job is motivated by a genuine concern for his family and the knowledge that his adherence to the law is a winning formula. It should be noted, here, that "sanctification via burnt offerings" is a distinct link to the tripartite Law I mentioned above.

Job 42:5-6 gives us Job's declaration of repentance:

I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear, But now my eye sees You. Therefore I abhor myself, And repent in dust and ashes.

Job's connection to God prior to his misery was impersonal - a diligent application of the rules that came to him by "the hearing of the ear". Job -> God communion only became more than this when he was compelled to petition God about a reason for his misery.

Chapter 29 of the story gives a strong indication that Job's advertising of the goodness of God was minimal at most. It seems His own goodness was uppermost in his mind:

Job 29:7-11

When I went out to the gate by the city, when I took my seat in the open square, the young men saw me and hid, and the aged arose and stood; The princes refrained from talking, and put their hand on their mouth; The voice of nobles was hushed, and their tongue stuck to the roof of their mouth. When the ear heard, then it blessed me, and when the eye saw, then it approved me;

Job 29:21-25

Men listened to me and waited, and kept silence for my counsel. After my words they did not speak again, and my speech settled on them as dew. They waited for me as for the rain, and they opened their mouth wide as for the spring rain. If I mocked at them, they did not believe it, and the light of my countenance they did not cast down. I chose the way for them, and sat as chief; So I dwelt as a king in the army, as one who comforts mourners."

Job 29:12-17

Because I delivered the poor who cried out, the fatherless and the one who had no helper. The blessing of a perishing man came upon me, and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy. I put on righteousness, and it clothed me; My justice was like a robe and a turban. I was eyes to the blind, and I was feet to the lame. I was a father to the poor, and I searched out the case that I did not know. I broke the fangs of the wicked, and plucked the victim from his teeth.

Contrast Job's words with those of Moses. Deuteronomy 32:1-4 records:

Give ear, O heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth. Let my teaching drop as the rain, my speech distill as the dew, as raindrops on the tender herb, and as showers on the grass. For I proclaim the name of the Lord: Ascribe greatness to our God. He is the Rock, His work is perfect; For all His ways are justice, a God of truth and without injustice; Righteous and upright is He.

Where in Job's words is there evidence of the same desire to advertise the goodness of God? Job's words are self-approving rather than God-approving.

There is much more that can be said about this fascinating story and its identification of the source of human suffering, but that's for another time.