“Then the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their
lamps and went to meet the bridegroom.” – Matthew 25:1 ESV
Notice the first word, THEN (Gr. 5119 τότε “then, at that time”). When is “then”?
This word is absolutely critical to understand that before this time, the kingdom of heaven could not be compared to ten maidens, who we then learn are bridesmaids planning to go to a wedding feast.
To Jesus’ Galilean audience, it would be obvious that the bridegroom wouldn’t be marrying any of the bridesmaids. Normally, one would expect that the bridegroom would come for someone called “the bride,” right? Her maidens, who were female servants, would accompany the bride to the wedding.
The traditional number of bridesmaids, if there was a traditional number, is not known. The significance of ten bridesmaids, five wise and five foolish, is also not immediately clear. Why ten? Is there something significant to the number?
• The ministry of Jesus focused on the ten northern tribes of Israel.
• There are ten Commandments in Torah.
• There were ten plagues against Egypt.
• Abraham sent his servant to find a wife for his son, Isaac, along with ten camels loaded with gifts.
None of these make sense in context with this parable, surely not the ten camels!
Perhaps five is the important number here, not ten.
Arguably, the closest match to five is in I Samuel 25:2-42, involving a man named Nabal, his wife Abigail, and David, who was anointed by Samuel to be the future king of Israel.
In the account, Abigail is described as a very intelligent and beautiful woman who was married to Nabal (which means foolish or senseless in Hebrew), who is described as very wealthy man, but harsh and evil in his dealings. Nabal died of a heart attack (his heart turned to stone) upon hearing about David’s planned vengeance concerning Nabal’s incredibly rude treatment of David’s servants.
David was very impressed with Abigail and sent his servants to her with a marriage proposal. Abigail accepted David’s marriage proposal and went to him with FIVE of her maidens.
This story might have occurred to the Galilean listeners who were familiar with their national history.
There’s an interesting parallel that's often been pointed out in the doctrine of the believers as the Bride of Christ. It goes something like this:
As Christians, we were once married to the world, but Jesus, the son
of David and future king of this world, delivered to us a marriage
proposal by way of his servants, the Apostles. Upon our acceptance, we
become betrothed to Christ.
However, there’s a problem here. The “Bride of Christ” is the New Jerusalem according to Revelation 21:9-11 ESV:
And I saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from
God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. – Revelation 21:2
ESV
Then came one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the
seven last plagues and spoke to me, saying, “Come, I will show you the
Bride, the wife of the Lamb.” And he carried me away in the Spirit to
a great, high mountain, and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming
down out of heaven from God, having the glory of God, its radiance
like a most rare jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal. Revelation
21:9-11 ESV
One would have expected that the Bride of Christ would be accompanied with her bridesmaids, who would all (except the foolish ones who are busy shopping) come out to meet with Jesus as he returns to the earth. The wedding party, the Bridegroom, his Bride, and the Bridesmaids, would travel together to the wedding feast.
But there’s something important that’s missing here from this parable. The bride! You can’t have a wedding without a bride! No, really. And the bride is not mentioned. Only bridegroom and the five wise bridesmaids are mentioned. The foolish bridesmaids show up later, but are not admitted to the wedding feast. They were not prepared. They didn’t have enough oil. And this applies at a time called "then," not before or after this time.
Note that in Matthew 9:15 ESV, we read,
And Jesus said to them, “Can the wedding guests mourn as long as the
bridegroom is with them? The days will come when the bridegroom is
taken away from them, and then they will fast.
And in John 3:29 ESV, we read
The one who has the bride is the bridegroom. The friend of the
bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly at the
bridegroom's voice. Therefore this joy of mine is now complete.
Then in 1 Corinthians 12:27-28 ESV, the Apostle Paul writes:
Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. And God
has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third
teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, helping,
administrating, and various kinds of tongues.
In Ephesians 4:15-16, the Apostle Paul affirms:
Rather, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way
into him who is the head, into Christ, from whom the whole body,
joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped,
when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it
builds itself up in love.
And also in Ephesians 5:23, the Apostle Paul reaffirms:
For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of
the church, his body, and is himself its Savior.
Thus, at some point in time, Jesus returns to the earth with his saints, the church, the Body of Christ. Five bridesmaids are ready with enough oil.
And finally the Bride of Christ, the New Jerusalem is sent by God, descending out of the heavens. According to Revelation, it’s a beautiful gem, a cube that could fit within the moon, except for its corners.
Excursion
Assuming that the New Jerusalem is indeed a cube with the measurements stated in Revelation, it could be completely contained within the Moon except for the eight corners, which would stick out about 116 miles above the surface of the Moon. It would have almost exactly half the volume of the moon (49.94%) and would likely orbit the earth rather than blotting out more than the entire Middle East.
Who Are the Bridesmaids
So, to the question of the salvation of the bridesmaids, I'd suggest that none of them were members of the Body of Christ, and the question of salvation, as we currently understand it, doesn't apply at that time, the "then".
It seems like the evidence points to its relevance after Jesus returns to the earth with all his believers, the Body of Christ, followed later by the descent from New Jerusalem. The five wise bridesmaids are then people on the earth who have come through the great tribulation and are faithful and have prepared themselves for the return of Jesus.
Addendum
I was always taught that the church is the Bride of Christ. The answer that I'm suggesting is based only on the scriptures without a lot of inferences.
I wonder how early the doctrine of the faithful church as the Bride of Christ versus the Body of Christ was introduced.
Here's what Don Samdahl, Th.M. degree from Dallas Theological Seminary, majoring in Semitics and Old Testament Studies, writes on this subject.
The Bride of Christ