There are two records of Moab being subject to Israel:
- During the time of King David as per 2 Sam 8:2 & 1 Chron 18:2
- Much later during the later kings of Israel as per 2 Kings 3:4
Now, according to Ruth 1:1, the story of Ruth occurred during the time the "Judges" ruled Israel, that is well-before the time of monarch of king David. Indeed, part of the purpose of the book of Ruth was to record the origin of David's great grandmother, Ruth the wife of Boaz, whose son was Obed, whose son was Jesse whose son was David, Ruth 4:21, 22.
The reference in Judges 3:30 is probably NOT that Israel ruled Moab, but that Israel had freed themselves from Moab's rule under the leadership of Ehud, as confirmed by Judges 11:25.
Therefore, the answer to the OP's question is, the story of Ruth is placed in a time well before Israel ruled Moab. Further we can probably assume that it must have occurred during a time when Israel and Moab were at peachpeace which suggests that it was after the time of the Judge Ehud.